UCSB's Humanities and Social Sciences Department, home of Anthropology |
"Mr. Balter,
In
par. 128 of your answer you state that a faculty member gave you a
student’s personally identifying
information, which enabled you to contact the student. We believe this
act by this faculty member violates FERPA and Title IX and have
therefore reported this incident to UCSB’s counsel. Counsel asked me to
ask if you would provide the identity of the faculty
member. I told him that you strongly support the ferreting out and
stopping of Title IX and FERPA violations and most certainly would want
to cooperate. Would you kindly provide this identity to me (to be
treated confidentially) or directly to UCSB counsel?
Also,
as a separate note, of course Dr. Kurin knows the student who the
faculty member disclosed because
Dr. Kurin recruited her. After getting your email, she became scared
and ran and withdrew her fully paid scholarship admission. All other
archeology candidates for that term (none of which would have worked
with Dr. Kurin) also withdrew in fear. These are
the careers that were destroyed as a result of your email and I thought
you should know the damage that your actions caused.
Regards,
Dave Scher, Partner
Hoyer Law Group, PLLC
[The Answer to the Complaint can be found at this link]
My email response to Scher:
"Thank you for your message.
The individual
you mention acted as a confidential source and thus I will not be
disclosing their identity. Please inform UCSB's counsel of my position.
I
consider your communication an attempt to intimidate both me and
members of the UCSB anthropology department who might cooperate with my
reporting and who might wish to exercise their rights to speak either
internally in the department or externally about their concerns about
misconduct by Danielle Kurin or anyone else.
As
for careers: Your information seems to be based entirely on what your
client has told you, which is incorrect. The student who narrowly
escaped working with your client, and other students who decided not to
work in the UCSB anthropology department because of their concerns
about a toxic atmosphere, actually had their careers saved from the
very serious damage that your client and others like her in archaeology
and anthropology have done.
Since this email goes to the issues in the litigation, it is on the record and I am free to publish it.
Best regards,
Michael Balter"
I will go even further than I did in this email, and say that the faculty member who facilitated my contacting the student involved acted in the absolute best of intentions and with the kind of due care for the wellbeing of students that neither Kurin nor UC Santa Barbara have shown during this long saga of abuses and enabling abuse, which goes all the way back to 2013 when Kurin first started teaching at UCSB. Indeed, Kurin and her attorney are excellent practitioners of the art of DARVO ("Deny, Attack, and Reverse Victim and Offender") which abusers have been using since time immemorial. This too will fail.
Update: Further response from David Scher and my response.
Update: Further response from David Scher and my response.
Mr. Balter,
I want to be very clear with you that I have no
intention of intimidating or harassing you in any way. Indeed, as you
have seen in other communications that have been quite cordial, we are
working diligently to conduct an orderly litigation
and providing you whatever information we can as a pro se litigant.
This incident is unrelated to the litigation. We
became aware of a very blatant FERPA and Title IX violation and felt we
had to report it – to UCSB. We did not publish it, we did not threaten
you about it – we simply reported it. UCSB
counsel (not us) asked me to ask you for the identity of the violating
faculty member. Merely asking you, on behalf of UCSB, for the identity
of a faculty member who clearly violated FERPA and Title IX seemed
reasonable and in fact something you would want
to do. That you have decided not to is noted and we will let UCSB
counsel know. You are, in a sense, shooting the messenger, accusing us
of harassment – when in fact all we did was transmit information we
thought vital to what is now an investigation into
a Title IX and FERPA violation committed by a tenured professor – a
violation that we know about only because you yourself wrote about it in
detail in your Answer.
You might perhaps consider this. You have accused
Dr. Kurin of conspiring to violate Title IX (above and beyond the
already known charges) and refusing to cooperate in a Title IX
investigation. Here are the facts as we see them:
- A faculty member gave you personally identifying information about a student and asked you to contact the student.
- You did not report the faculty member for this blatant Title IX and FERPA violation.
- Instead you emailed the student – in our view, invading her privacy (but that is a topic for another day).
- Now, in present day, you revealed how you came to this student PII – via a current UCSB faculty member - which forces us to report it to UCSB.
- UCSB asks us to ask you for the identity of the of the faculty as part of their investigation into the matter.
- You refuse to cooperate with the title IX and FERPA investigation and instead publish a blog accusing me personally of intimidating and harassing you.
This conduct, to us, is eerily similar to the
conduct you are reporting over and over about regarding Dr. Kurin. It
is the pot calling the kettle black.
Since you have published my last email, which in
our view is actually an abuse of the litigation process and could
prejudice witnesses, we ask that you now also publish this email, so
that our firm’s public stance that we are compliance
with all Court rules and conducting this litigation properly is made
public. Thank you.
Regards,
Dave Scher, Partner
Hoyer Law Group
Mr. Scher,
Yes, I will publish your email.
I
will also publish my inquiries into this matter, which reveal that
neither FERPA nor Title IX were violated in this case. Please inform
the UCSB counsel of that so this campaign of harassment, initiated by
you and your client, can cease.
MB
Further comment: The essence of what has happened above is that the University of California, and UCSB's Counsel specifically, are collaborating with Danielle Kurin and her attorney to attempt to expose a source of my reporting. Perhaps UC is a naive and unwitting collaborator, or perhaps this is part of the university's long effort to give Kurin a pass for her continuing misconduct, but in the end it amounts to the same thing.
And more:
Further comment: The essence of what has happened above is that the University of California, and UCSB's Counsel specifically, are collaborating with Danielle Kurin and her attorney to attempt to expose a source of my reporting. Perhaps UC is a naive and unwitting collaborator, or perhaps this is part of the university's long effort to give Kurin a pass for her continuing misconduct, but in the end it amounts to the same thing.
And more:
Mr Scher
Since this situation does not involve either you or your client, please put the UC counsel in touch with me directly.
Scher: "My understanding is that you have already contacted UCSB counsel and have his info. Of course you are free to contact him."
Scher: "My understanding is that you have already contacted UCSB counsel and have his info. Of course you are free to contact him."
"The UCSB counsel, Nancy Hamill, has forwarded my Litigation Hold
Orders to Michael Goldstein, UC Counsel. Goldstein and I are
disagreeing about some matters related to serving of eventual subpoenas,
but we are in touch. Is Nancy or Michael the one you are talking to?"
MB
Scher: "Yes Mr. Goldstein."
MB: "Okay, good. He should have contacted me directly about this, and
not through you. You and your clients are not disinterested parties,
despite your pretense otherwise."
And still more, re discovery:
From Scher:
And still more, re discovery:
From Scher:
"I gather you intend to subpoena UCSB employees from
your email. Please note that we object to any effort to seek to depose
any UCSB employee (and/or to obtain any documents of any kind for
UCSB). Indeed, we view that as an effort at intimidation
and harassment – not so much of us – but of the staff and students at
UCSB – and will vigorously oppose it.
Because you are a pro se litigant, for your
information, you will need to prepare a subpoena, have us oppose it, and
then, if you win that motion, domesticate the subpoena in the proper
jurisdiction and effect service. You are responsible
for effective proper service, scheduling, ensuring the appearance of
the witness, deposition costs, witness fees and your copies of any
transcripts. Our client is not responsible to produce any non-party
witness and she will not do so. In accordance with
the rules, please provide us in advance copies of any intended subpoena
or other service document so that we may file a motion to quash with
the Court."
And my response:
Yes, of course you
will try to prevent testimony from witnesses who possess information
key to evaluating the allegations in your Complaint, because they have
intimate knowledge of your client's misconduct and the disciplinary
proceedings that have taken place in response to it. As from the
beginning, you and your client seem to think that all you have to do is
file a lawsuit in order to win it. That is not how it works in the
American system of justice.
And, of course,
this is the judge's decision to make, not yours, and I am confident
that he will allow a Defendant in a case such as this to conduct the
widest possible discovery so he can defend himself properly. Thank you
for the information about how to proceed.
MB
In which Balter calls for Kurin to be placed on administrative leave for the duration of this lawsuit.
In which Balter calls for Kurin to be placed on administrative leave for the duration of this lawsuit.
To:
Henry T. Yang, Chancellor
David Marshall, Executive Vice Chancellor
Charles Hale, Dean of Social Sciences
Casey Walsh, Chair Dept of Anthropology
Michael Goldstein, UC Senior Counsel
Dear colleagues,
As
you know, UCSB anthropology assistant professor Danielle Kurin has sued
me for defamation in the Southern District of New York for my truthful
and accurate reporting about her history of misconduct, including the
2016 Title IX for retaliating against students who were sexually
harassed by her partner and later husband.
In
the American justice system, Kurin has the right to seek relief in the
courts for any injuries she believes she has suffered, although I am
vigorously denying and fighting her claims in my current status as a pro se litigant.
It
is my belief, based on my reporting, that the real purpose of this
lawsuit is to intimidate her anthropology colleagues, and possibly the
university itself, into giving her tenure. You are no doubt aware that
Kurin previously sued the university itself, although she lost that
case.
Today, Kurin's attorney, David Scher,
accused one of my sources of violating FERPA and Title IX, a baseless
charge for which he had no evidence whatsoever (this was communicated to
Mr. Goldstein who is copied here.) This accusation was aimed at a
member of the faculty, and Mr. Scher and Mr. Goldstein urged me to
divulge the name of this innocent person.
It
is clear to me that Dr. Kurin and her attorney are attempting to use
the university to intimidate potential witnesses in the litigation and
to retaliate against them. Unfortunately, Mr. Goldstein's office seems
to have fallen for that ruse.
To prevent
further interference with the litigation; to prevent attempts to
intimidate and retaliate against members of the UC community who might
wish to give evidence or otherwise participate in this process; and to
avoid UC becoming an instrument of Kurin's baseless litigation:
I call upon you to place Danielle Kurin on administrative leave until the lawsuit is resolved.
With thanks and best regards,
Michael Balter
cc. David Scher, attorney for Dr. Kurin
Update August 20, 2020: Legal discovery is a broad tool to investigate claims in a lawsuit.
I know that a lot of people are following this lawsuit and my ongoing reporting closely, as is made clear by the relatively large number of page views each day (usually more than 2000, sometimes 3000 or more.) It's obvious that Scher has tried to take advantage of the fact that I am a pro se litigant (that is, representing myself), although legal observers tell me that I am holding my own pretty well. I may well have representation very soon, however, and then any advantages that Scher has over me professionally will disappear--indeed, since he does not appear to be that great a lawyer (he has allowed his client to kick a number of own goals in this lawsuit and it's still early days) he may end up at a distinct disadvantage as more attorneys get involved on my side of the case.
I have been greatly helped by the fact that during the 1980s I worked at the ACLU of Southern California on a major lawsuit against the Los Angeles Police Department for spying on peaceful political groups (Congresswoman Karen Bass, then a community activist, was one of the plaintiffs.) I helped the lawyers prepare the depositions and other legal discovery requests, and helped prepare our clients for the depositions that the LAPD's lawyers took of them. I also sat in on all the depositions and advised ACLU lawyers on what questions to ask. So I learned a fair bit about civil procedure.
In his email above, Scher states that he will oppose any efforts I or my attorneys make to gather legal discovery from UCSB and/or University of California employees. He calls that "harassment," as if his client's $10 million defamation suit against me is not itself harassment, as well as a blatant attempt to intimidate survivors of sexual misconduct, bullying, and other acts that Kurin is either directly or indirectly responsible for (and for which she has been found responsible by two organizations, UCSB and the Institute for Field Research, as I have reported.)
But the simple legal truth is that courts generally allow very wide latitude in discovery efforts, and permit litigants to not only obtain documents and testimony from parties to lawsuits but also from "third parties" who might have relevant evidence. (For some basic primers on discovery, see here and here.) But it does not take any real latitude for a court to allow discovery on issues that a litigant has directly raised in legal pleadings (such as the Complaint and Answer in Kurin v. Balter.)
For example, Kurin contends that everything was going great for her at UCSB, and nothing stood in the way of her receiving tenure, until I began reporting on her. Not only does my reporting already show that this is not true, but I have also identified key witnesses who possess knowledge and documents that will further show this is not true. In other words, rather than going on the kind of fishing expedition that Scher engaged in when he tried to out one of my sources in the UCSB anthropology department, I will be able to engaged in targeted discovery aimed at proving that Kurin's contentions are false. And there are many of them.
So, despite Scher's bluff and bluster, I expect that we will indeed be able to obtain documents and take depositions of UCSB and UC witnesses. Indeed, such discovery is routine. Please stay tuned for updates, which are likely to come fast and furious as the case proceeds.
Update: Still abusing students after all these years.
Last week I reported on the cases of "Lara" and "Jessica," two undergraduate students who gave detailed accounts of being abused by Danielle Kurin in 2015 and 2014, respectively. Both of these students reported their experiences to faculty members and both the dean's office and/or the university Ombudsman. They both suffered trauma, and Lara left school without graduating as an eventual result of her treatment. From 2016-2019, Kurin was on administrative leave due to the Title IX findings that she had retaliated against students.
This week I Tweeted a rhetorical question: Is Danielle Kurin still abusing students?
The answer is yes, and I am going to tell here of one incident, witnessed by a number of people.
In fall 2019, right after Kurin returned to teaching after three years away, she and other faculty members were participating in a faculty meeting. I will let one of the witnesses tell the story, with some deletions to prevent them from being identified:
"[The] faculty meeting had just ended....An undergrad...was wandering the halls, and Kurin was the first person to step out of the room. The undergrad approached her asking for directions to a specific office. Kurin lost her shit. Accused the student of harassing her, told the student she was being extremely rude, etc... some of her choice phrases... 'Do you know who I am? You can't just walk up to me like this. This is extremely rude and unacceptable. I am an extremely busy person.' Her voice was raised, she was looming over the undergrad, and the undergrad was about to burst into tears. Kurin stormed off."
I want to emphasize that I have heard many such stories, going back as early as 2009, and reported on some of them. There are two very striking things here: First, that this happened right after Kurin returned to teaching after being on leave for misconduct, a clear indication that she had not learned anything or changed; and second, that while there were a number of witnesses among the faculty, most just ignored the incident. One source says that's because they realized that for Kurin this was just "par for the course."
The anthropology faculty, and the university, obviously have to decide if this is the kind of person they want to give decades of tenure to (as far as I know, there is still no mandatory retirement age in the University of California system.)
Update August 20, 2020: Legal discovery is a broad tool to investigate claims in a lawsuit.
I know that a lot of people are following this lawsuit and my ongoing reporting closely, as is made clear by the relatively large number of page views each day (usually more than 2000, sometimes 3000 or more.) It's obvious that Scher has tried to take advantage of the fact that I am a pro se litigant (that is, representing myself), although legal observers tell me that I am holding my own pretty well. I may well have representation very soon, however, and then any advantages that Scher has over me professionally will disappear--indeed, since he does not appear to be that great a lawyer (he has allowed his client to kick a number of own goals in this lawsuit and it's still early days) he may end up at a distinct disadvantage as more attorneys get involved on my side of the case.
I have been greatly helped by the fact that during the 1980s I worked at the ACLU of Southern California on a major lawsuit against the Los Angeles Police Department for spying on peaceful political groups (Congresswoman Karen Bass, then a community activist, was one of the plaintiffs.) I helped the lawyers prepare the depositions and other legal discovery requests, and helped prepare our clients for the depositions that the LAPD's lawyers took of them. I also sat in on all the depositions and advised ACLU lawyers on what questions to ask. So I learned a fair bit about civil procedure.
In his email above, Scher states that he will oppose any efforts I or my attorneys make to gather legal discovery from UCSB and/or University of California employees. He calls that "harassment," as if his client's $10 million defamation suit against me is not itself harassment, as well as a blatant attempt to intimidate survivors of sexual misconduct, bullying, and other acts that Kurin is either directly or indirectly responsible for (and for which she has been found responsible by two organizations, UCSB and the Institute for Field Research, as I have reported.)
But the simple legal truth is that courts generally allow very wide latitude in discovery efforts, and permit litigants to not only obtain documents and testimony from parties to lawsuits but also from "third parties" who might have relevant evidence. (For some basic primers on discovery, see here and here.) But it does not take any real latitude for a court to allow discovery on issues that a litigant has directly raised in legal pleadings (such as the Complaint and Answer in Kurin v. Balter.)
For example, Kurin contends that everything was going great for her at UCSB, and nothing stood in the way of her receiving tenure, until I began reporting on her. Not only does my reporting already show that this is not true, but I have also identified key witnesses who possess knowledge and documents that will further show this is not true. In other words, rather than going on the kind of fishing expedition that Scher engaged in when he tried to out one of my sources in the UCSB anthropology department, I will be able to engaged in targeted discovery aimed at proving that Kurin's contentions are false. And there are many of them.
So, despite Scher's bluff and bluster, I expect that we will indeed be able to obtain documents and take depositions of UCSB and UC witnesses. Indeed, such discovery is routine. Please stay tuned for updates, which are likely to come fast and furious as the case proceeds.
Update: Still abusing students after all these years.
Last week I reported on the cases of "Lara" and "Jessica," two undergraduate students who gave detailed accounts of being abused by Danielle Kurin in 2015 and 2014, respectively. Both of these students reported their experiences to faculty members and both the dean's office and/or the university Ombudsman. They both suffered trauma, and Lara left school without graduating as an eventual result of her treatment. From 2016-2019, Kurin was on administrative leave due to the Title IX findings that she had retaliated against students.
This week I Tweeted a rhetorical question: Is Danielle Kurin still abusing students?
The answer is yes, and I am going to tell here of one incident, witnessed by a number of people.
In fall 2019, right after Kurin returned to teaching after three years away, she and other faculty members were participating in a faculty meeting. I will let one of the witnesses tell the story, with some deletions to prevent them from being identified:
"[The] faculty meeting had just ended....An undergrad...was wandering the halls, and Kurin was the first person to step out of the room. The undergrad approached her asking for directions to a specific office. Kurin lost her shit. Accused the student of harassing her, told the student she was being extremely rude, etc... some of her choice phrases... 'Do you know who I am? You can't just walk up to me like this. This is extremely rude and unacceptable. I am an extremely busy person.' Her voice was raised, she was looming over the undergrad, and the undergrad was about to burst into tears. Kurin stormed off."
I want to emphasize that I have heard many such stories, going back as early as 2009, and reported on some of them. There are two very striking things here: First, that this happened right after Kurin returned to teaching after being on leave for misconduct, a clear indication that she had not learned anything or changed; and second, that while there were a number of witnesses among the faculty, most just ignored the incident. One source says that's because they realized that for Kurin this was just "par for the course."
The anthropology faculty, and the university, obviously have to decide if this is the kind of person they want to give decades of tenure to (as far as I know, there is still no mandatory retirement age in the University of California system.)
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Furthermore, I'm no lawyer but I call bull on Scher's assertion that the faculty member violated FERPA. Which part of FERPA does he refer to? You are allowed to disclose information of the type that would be found in a directory, which is what this is. If faculty are not permitted to share which students have been accepted into programs without violating FERPA, then I dare say all of us are about to lose our jobs.
Scher and Kurin are taking every opportunity to gaslight, lie, deceive, and distract. Don't fall for it.
https://finaid.org/educators/ferpa/
https://security.harvard.edu/files/it-security-new/files/frequently_asked_questions_about_ferpa_.pdf
The Harvard link is particularly helpful, "So, for instance, applicants who apply and are not admitted or choose not to attend are not “students” for FERPA purposes, but once a student registers, his or her application file (if any) becomes a FERPA-protected student record. Student status does not begin until and unless a student
begins taking at least one course at the University."
I can't find the specific interpretation of this item at UCSB, but I would guess it would be similar.
“Reportaje al Perú (TV Perú) - ANDAHUAYLAS, aventura chanka - 13/09/2015 [Featuring several appearances by Danielle Kurin and Enmanuel Gomez Choque, for those who have been following. Looks like a very beautiful place] https://youtu.be/usHxFo7Nlgk”
Beyond the beauty of the place, this report also strongly refutes Kurin’s essentialist description of Andahuaylas/Talavera as “one of the poorest regions in the Western Hemisphere” and Gomez as “extremely poor”. The town and region feeds of lively tourism and is clearly prosperous when compared to many other places in Peru (and definitely the Western Hemisphere). Gomez is presented with his title, the Director of “Dircetur Andahuaylas”. Not only this makes him the go-to guide for Peruvian TV shows (which I’m sure compensate well), but at the time he was also involved in several national and international archaeological projects and other major touristic initiatives.
This exposes Kurin’s ugly mind-game. In the lawsuit she elevates herself as this extremely successful scholar and teacher in a prestigious North American university. Her Peruvian ex-husband, on the other hand, is reduced to this impoverished indigenous who is unjustly persecuted by racist gringas, white male journalists, and even the Shining Path. One would have called it racism, if it wasn’t for the real reasons behind Kurin’s attempt to manipulate the jury. This feeds directly off DARVO, where “The perpetrator or offender… Reverse the roles of Victim and Offender such that the perpetrator assumes the victim role and turns the true victim -- or the whistle blower -- into an alleged offender.” (https://dynamic.uoregon.edu/jjf/defineDARVO.html)
https://au.gofundme.com/f/freedom-of-the-press-defense-fund-kurin-v-balter
https://twitter.com/ScherDave/with_replies
The first time was when Balter posted an update about the existence of settlement talks, to which Scher responded with the threat that Balter violated some federal law. It turns out that law only says you cannot use the facts of any previous settlement negotiations that broke down in later legal proceedings. So, for example, if the other party was ready to settle in terms you deem favorable, but settlement negotiations break down, you cannot use this fact as evidence of their culpability in later legal proceedings. The second time was when Scher threatened Balter with legal sanctions for allegedly trying to taint the jury pool by continuing to report on Kurin. If you look at the rule he was citing, it only applies to the conduct of lawyers and doesn't apply in circumstances where people's safety is in danger. Scher had to even admit that the rule did not apply in his amended complaint, but still complained that Balter violated the spirit of the law (eyeroll). Scher should be careful because he actually violated the rule by tweeting and putting on the Hoyer group website that Balter is in his opinion a cyberbully and gaslighter who uses the Metoo movement for his own fame. How is that not breaking the rules? The third time is when Scher again threatens Balter, and now a protected source, with legal action for supposedly violating FERPA and Title IX. FERPA and Title IX do not apply in any reasonable interpretation. I don't know what kind of lawyer he is, except the harassing intimidating kind who knows he has a weak hand and so is employing every dirty lawyer trick in the book. The judge will not look favorably on lawyers representing affluent clients bullying materially poor defendants.
Scher might be raking in the big bucks in billable hours from Richard Kurin, but I think he will lose his reputation and future clients with this kind of behavior. He gives lawyers a bad name.
I know that most are tight for money these days, and especially those of us who do not have rich parents to fall back on or are getting paid an R1 professor’s salary. But I consider helping to expose these people and institutions an essential public service to all future generations of potential victims, who next can very well be us, our friends, our peers, our students, our daughters and sons. Nobody, whether we personally know them or not, should go through this ever again.
If you read this blog, then you clearly are interested and care about this case and cause. I urge you to donate as much as you can and help stop this vicious cycle of abuse once and for all.
https://gf.me/u/ykdxcd
The ‘2020 Member Needs Assessment’ survey results recently released by SAA are instructive here. Apparently 23% of those who responded (n = 155) considered cancelling their membership due to the events of the 2019 annual meeting in Albuquerque. To remind all, this is because SAA leadership failed miserably to protect Yesner’s sexual harassment survivors. As a further reminder, it is Michael Balter who made sure to report the student concerns and Yesner’s presence, and then escorted him out of the building. As one last reminder, in her lawsuit (pt. 43) Kurin is trying to paint Yesner as the victim and Balter as the aggressor.
So now it’s Danielle Kurin’s opinion against the opinion of (at least) 155 of her colleagues. Let’s see how that plays out.
They condoned her abusive behavior through their inaction.
I agree with Michael Balter that Kurin should be placed on immediate administrative leave. UCSB students must be protected from Kurin.
https://ecommerce.saa.org/SAA/SAAdocs/Survey2020/SAAMembership.pdf
Of those who considered cancelling their membership because of “incidents regarding sexual harassment at SAA2019” (pp. 181-190), 27% self-identify as women, 39% as students and 41% in the age group 18-34. These represent the highest ratios in each survey category, and clearly reflect the sector most vulnerable for gendered violence in archaeology.
While this was certainly a traumatic event for the organization and 57% reported being unsatisfied with the SAAs response, I have to give credit to the leadership for even including it in their survey. Now hoping they will draw the right conclusions.
On the same note- Kurin was not the first to reverse roles by claiming that Balter was the bully and Yesner the victim, but rather Ran Boytner in his May 11th email to colleagues
http://michael-balter.blogspot.com/2020/04/field-school-directors-ask-why-umbrella.html
Considering how supportive Kurin’s lawsuit is of Boytner, it is very likely that he’s the one who snuck it in there. The reason is clear. If Kurin gets her way and Balter’s Blog is gone, so will be the multiple mentions of, and online records to, Boytner’s transgressions.